of
Prof. Dr. Isamu HAYAKAWA
The following publications are written in Japanese except those mentioned at the end of each article.
[BOOKS]
*1985.5 Contrastive Linguistics and English Teaching in Japan. Tokyo: San’yusha, 321pp.
[要約]
『日英語の比較と英語教育』（1985年、三友社出版)は、英語教育の理論と実践をめざすものである。日本人が英語を学習する場合、母語の干渉は避けられない。干渉がどの点に現れ、それをいかに克服すげきかを実践的に明らかにしようとした。総論において、日英語比較の観点を英語教育に取り入れるに際して、日英比較を一段高いレベルの文化教育に位置付けようとした。総論第２章はその理論的枠組みを与えるものである。その理論的補強として Sapirの論文翻訳がある。第２部実践は文化教育の考えに基づく。「絵本による文化比較の授業」は、英米の絵本にみられる文化を日本の高校生がいかに把握するかの問題を扱った。多読指導のあり方にも言及した。第３部各論の「日英基本語彙の比較」では、両言語の基本語彙間に見られる意味領域のずれとその類型化を試みた。特に、開閉動詞などこれまで指摘されなかった意味のずれを掘り出した。さらに、主要な文法事項について日英比較を試みた。
[要約]
『日英語の比較と英語教育』（1985年、三友社出版)は、英語教育の理論と実践をめざすものである。日本人が英語を学習する場合、母語の干渉は避けられない。干渉がどの点に現れ、それをいかに克服すげきかを実践的に明らかにしようとした。総論において、日英語比較の観点を英語教育に取り入れるに際して、日英比較を一段高いレベルの文化教育に位置付けようとした。総論第２章はその理論的枠組みを与えるものである。その理論的補強として Sapirの論文翻訳がある。第２部実践は文化教育の考えに基づく。「絵本による文化比較の授業」は、英米の絵本にみられる文化を日本の高校生がいかに把握するかの問題を扱った。多読指導のあり方にも言及した。第３部各論の「日英基本語彙の比較」では、両言語の基本語彙間に見られる意味領域のずれとその類型化を試みた。特に、開閉動詞などこれまで指摘されなかった意味のずれを掘り出した。さらに、主要な文法事項について日英比較を試みた。
*1990.7 An Introduction to English Lexicography for High School Teachers. Tokyo: San’yusha, 202pp.
[要約]
『英語辞書へのプロムナード』（1990年、三友社出版) は、中学・高等学校の教師のための英語辞書および辞書学入門書である。次の構成になっている。Ｉ.若い英語教師のための辞書活用法 II. 内容のある例文を求めて Ⅲ.普通科高校３年間の辞書指導 IV.日英基本語彙対照表の問題点。Ｉ部は各種英語辞書の特徴と英語教師としての利用法について述べた。特殊なものとしては、逆引辞典・文体辞典も含まれる。II部では、教科書・英文法書および授業などで用いられる用例・例文のありかたについて論じた。Ⅲ部では、具体的な辞書指導のための練習問題も作成した。IV部では E. A. Nida の成分分析を基礎として日本語と英語とが意味論的にどのように対応しているかについて考察した。
*1990.9 A Contrastive Study of English and Japanese and its Application to the Teaching of English in Japan. MA Thesis Submitted to Pacific Lutheran University. [Written in English]
[要約]
『英語辞書へのプロムナード』（1990年、三友社出版) は、中学・高等学校の教師のための英語辞書および辞書学入門書である。次の構成になっている。Ｉ.若い英語教師のための辞書活用法 II. 内容のある例文を求めて Ⅲ.普通科高校３年間の辞書指導 IV.日英基本語彙対照表の問題点。Ｉ部は各種英語辞書の特徴と英語教師としての利用法について述べた。特殊なものとしては、逆引辞典・文体辞典も含まれる。II部では、教科書・英文法書および授業などで用いられる用例・例文のありかたについて論じた。Ⅲ部では、具体的な辞書指導のための練習問題も作成した。IV部では E. A. Nida の成分分析を基礎として日本語と英語とが意味論的にどのように対応しているかについて考察した。
*1990.9 A Contrastive Study of English and Japanese and its Application to the Teaching of English in Japan. MA Thesis Submitted to Pacific Lutheran University. [Written in English]
*1997.3 Compiling Methodology of Early English-Japanese Dictionaries. Nagoya: Chubu-Nihon Kyoiku-Bunkakai, 200pp. [Doctoral Thesis Submitted to Osaka University]
[要約]
『初期英和辞典の編纂法』（1997年、 中部日本教育文化会）は、次の観点から書かれている。
英和辞書史研究において際立った２つの歴史観が存在するが、賛成しがたい。１つは豊田実の４大系統論であるが、明治初期の英和辞典を丹念に調べると混交型が基本である。明治5年の『英和字典』は数種の辞書を参照した。収録語彙の決定に Nuttall の超小型辞書を利用し、発音等には Webster 大辞典の1864年版を参照し、訳語は先行英和辞典と Lobscheid 英華字典などに拠った。もう１つの歴史観は町田俊昭の研究にみられる。英和辞典をその説明の精度により６段階に分けた。この歴史観からすると、学習英和辞典は歴史の闇に葬り去られ、明治初期英学者の辞書編纂に向けた情熱や辛苦は抹殺される。
本書の中心的課題は、初期の英学者が複数の英語辞書を底本として利用者のニーズに答える英和辞書をいかに編纂したかを解明することである。これは編纂者の立場にたつ史観であるが、２カ国語辞書の場合には編纂に際して利用者のレベルや要求なども考慮せざるをえない。この視点で『袖珍辞書』から『英和字彙』への英和辞書の歴史を探ると、明治初期の辞書でさえいくつかの辞書項目に分解し、それぞれ個別に作業を進め、最終的に統合する編纂方法を採っていることが判明する。辞書項目は時代が進むに従い細分化される。この集約的辞書編纂は『英和字彙』においてその完成をみる。各種辞書を利用し、最終的に編纂者の頭の中で底本や参照本が不明なほどにそれらを総合する。この編纂法において重要な点は、複数の辞書項目に分解できるので項目ごとに最も適切な原本を選択することが可能だということである。純粋に言語学的基準や日本人初学者にとって分かり易いという教育的基準によって選ばれる。
幕末以降における英和辞典の編纂過程を問題とした精密な研究はない。筆者はこの観点から研究を進め多くの発見をし、各種定説を覆した。『エゲレス語辞書和解』の底本については諸説があったが、ホルトロップ英蘭辞書であることを突き止めた。ただし、派生語を削除した。未完に終わった福地源一郎『大英字典』には特定の底本はなく総合型というのが定説であったが、ボムホッフ英蘭辞書を底本としてかなり忠実に翻訳を試みた。『英和字典』の原本に関する説も覆した。『英和字彙』はオウグルビーの１辞書のみを底本とするという俗説が事実から程遠いことを実証した。
[要約]
『初期英和辞典の編纂法』（1997年、 中部日本教育文化会）は、次の観点から書かれている。
英和辞書史研究において際立った２つの歴史観が存在するが、賛成しがたい。１つは豊田実の４大系統論であるが、明治初期の英和辞典を丹念に調べると混交型が基本である。明治5年の『英和字典』は数種の辞書を参照した。収録語彙の決定に Nuttall の超小型辞書を利用し、発音等には Webster 大辞典の1864年版を参照し、訳語は先行英和辞典と Lobscheid 英華字典などに拠った。もう１つの歴史観は町田俊昭の研究にみられる。英和辞典をその説明の精度により６段階に分けた。この歴史観からすると、学習英和辞典は歴史の闇に葬り去られ、明治初期英学者の辞書編纂に向けた情熱や辛苦は抹殺される。
本書の中心的課題は、初期の英学者が複数の英語辞書を底本として利用者のニーズに答える英和辞書をいかに編纂したかを解明することである。これは編纂者の立場にたつ史観であるが、２カ国語辞書の場合には編纂に際して利用者のレベルや要求なども考慮せざるをえない。この視点で『袖珍辞書』から『英和字彙』への英和辞書の歴史を探ると、明治初期の辞書でさえいくつかの辞書項目に分解し、それぞれ個別に作業を進め、最終的に統合する編纂方法を採っていることが判明する。辞書項目は時代が進むに従い細分化される。この集約的辞書編纂は『英和字彙』においてその完成をみる。各種辞書を利用し、最終的に編纂者の頭の中で底本や参照本が不明なほどにそれらを総合する。この編纂法において重要な点は、複数の辞書項目に分解できるので項目ごとに最も適切な原本を選択することが可能だということである。純粋に言語学的基準や日本人初学者にとって分かり易いという教育的基準によって選ばれる。
幕末以降における英和辞典の編纂過程を問題とした精密な研究はない。筆者はこの観点から研究を進め多くの発見をし、各種定説を覆した。『エゲレス語辞書和解』の底本については諸説があったが、ホルトロップ英蘭辞書であることを突き止めた。ただし、派生語を削除した。未完に終わった福地源一郎『大英字典』には特定の底本はなく総合型というのが定説であったが、ボムホッフ英蘭辞書を底本としてかなり忠実に翻訳を試みた。『英和字典』の原本に関する説も覆した。『英和字彙』はオウグルビーの１辞書のみを底本とするという俗説が事実から程遠いことを実証した。
*1998.1 Webster’s Dictionaries and English-Japanese Dictionaries. Nagoya: Chubu-Nihon Kyoiku-Bunkakai, 223pp.
[要約]
『ウェブスター辞書と英和辞典』（1998年、 中部日本教育文化会）の次の点に主眼をおく。日本の英学を語る場合、ウェブスターを抜きにして語ることはできない。特に、明治英学においてウェブスターの綴字教本と英語辞書が果たした役割は計り知れない。両者は一見まったく無関係にそれぞれ独自に日本に根付いたようにみえるが、そうではない。綴字教本と辞書はウェブスター式の発音表記において強くつながっている。このため、本書では第１章において「ウェブスターのスペリング・ブック」について述べた。さらに、それと関連して、幕末から明治維新にかけて用いられた他の英語綴字教本についても言及した。ウェブスター綴字教本がどのように構成され、いかに広く利用されたかを実証した。著者の関心は英和辞典の歴史にあるが、それを論ずる場合、ウェブスター系辞書の改訂の歴史について正しい知識を持つ必要がある。一口にウェブスター系辞書といっても多種多様である。このため、第２章においてウェブスターの習作辞書から大辞典および簡約版の遍歴を概観した。特に、簡約版がウェブスター辞書の伝統形成に果たした役割はこれまでほとんど無視されてきたので強調した。第３章が本書の中核である。「ウェブスター辞書の英和辞典に与えた影響」について詳述した。その場合、どのようなウェブスター辞書が幕末から明治にかけて舶載されたかはきわめて重要な問題である。最初に日本に持ち込まれたウェブスター辞書が何かについても論じた。また、内閣文庫などにおけるウェブスター系辞書の調査報告も行った。最後の第４章は「ウェブスター辞書の国語辞書に与えた影響」を扱った。大槻文彦は英和字典の編纂を試みた。その内容を詳述した。この字典は未完に終わったが、その編纂を通して大槻はウェブスター大辞典から「辞書とはかくあるべき」というものを多く学んだ。それが『言海』の編纂に活かされた。
[要約]
『ウェブスター辞書と英和辞典』（1998年、 中部日本教育文化会）の次の点に主眼をおく。日本の英学を語る場合、ウェブスターを抜きにして語ることはできない。特に、明治英学においてウェブスターの綴字教本と英語辞書が果たした役割は計り知れない。両者は一見まったく無関係にそれぞれ独自に日本に根付いたようにみえるが、そうではない。綴字教本と辞書はウェブスター式の発音表記において強くつながっている。このため、本書では第１章において「ウェブスターのスペリング・ブック」について述べた。さらに、それと関連して、幕末から明治維新にかけて用いられた他の英語綴字教本についても言及した。ウェブスター綴字教本がどのように構成され、いかに広く利用されたかを実証した。著者の関心は英和辞典の歴史にあるが、それを論ずる場合、ウェブスター系辞書の改訂の歴史について正しい知識を持つ必要がある。一口にウェブスター系辞書といっても多種多様である。このため、第２章においてウェブスターの習作辞書から大辞典および簡約版の遍歴を概観した。特に、簡約版がウェブスター辞書の伝統形成に果たした役割はこれまでほとんど無視されてきたので強調した。第３章が本書の中核である。「ウェブスター辞書の英和辞典に与えた影響」について詳述した。その場合、どのようなウェブスター辞書が幕末から明治にかけて舶載されたかはきわめて重要な問題である。最初に日本に持ち込まれたウェブスター辞書が何かについても論じた。また、内閣文庫などにおけるウェブスター系辞書の調査報告も行った。最後の第４章は「ウェブスター辞書の国語辞書に与えた影響」を扱った。大槻文彦は英和字典の編纂を試みた。その内容を詳述した。この字典は未完に終わったが、その編纂を通して大槻はウェブスター大辞典から「辞書とはかくあるべき」というものを多く学んだ。それが『言海』の編纂に活かされた。
*1998.5 A Chronological List of English Dictionaries Published in Japan before 1945. Institute of the Studies of Human Environments, 116pp.
*1999.3 An Introduction to Contrastive Linguistics. Kyoto: Est Publishing Company, 140pp. [Written in English]
*1999.6 Mind and Communication. Eds. Takeichi, Watanabe and Hayakawa. Tokyo: Keso-Shobo, 328pp.
*2001.3 Dynamism of Compiling Methodology of English Dictionaries Published in Japan. Tokyo: Jiyusha, 532pp.
[要約]
『辞書編纂のダイナミズム－ジョンソン、ウェブスターと日本－』（2001年、辞游社）の構成は、第１部「初期英和辞典の編纂法」、第２部「英和辞典のイギリス辞書界における位置づけ」、第３部「ウェブスター辞書と英和辞典」である。これによって、英和辞典の英語世界における位置付けがより鮮明になった。幕末から明治における英和辞典編纂が、イングランド・スコットランド・アメリカの18世紀から19世紀にかけての英英辞典のありかたと深く関わることが明らかになった。それだけでなく、イングランドにおけるジョンソンの辞書、スコットランドにおけるオウグルビーの辞書、アメリカにおけるウェブスターの辞書の辞書が、それぞれの国のそれぞれの時代における啓蒙主義の歴史と深く関わっている点を指摘した。
[正誤表]
頁 行 該当部分 訂 正
[要約]
『辞書編纂のダイナミズム－ジョンソン、ウェブスターと日本－』（2001年、辞游社）の構成は、第１部「初期英和辞典の編纂法」、第２部「英和辞典のイギリス辞書界における位置づけ」、第３部「ウェブスター辞書と英和辞典」である。これによって、英和辞典の英語世界における位置付けがより鮮明になった。幕末から明治における英和辞典編纂が、イングランド・スコットランド・アメリカの18世紀から19世紀にかけての英英辞典のありかたと深く関わることが明らかになった。それだけでなく、イングランドにおけるジョンソンの辞書、スコットランドにおけるオウグルビーの辞書、アメリカにおけるウェブスターの辞書の辞書が、それぞれの国のそれぞれの時代における啓蒙主義の歴史と深く関わっている点を指摘した。
[正誤表]
頁 行 該当部分 訂 正
6 下から5 『東洋学会雑誌』 『東洋学芸雑誌』
15 図0.1 1 [a litte] [a little]
16 図0.2 9 [accoding to，～] [according to，～]
17 4 (1912) (1917)
50 下から8 惣郷正明 (1988) 惣郷正明 (1973)
54 16 または v.a. et a. または v.n. et a.
98 13 itszke iitszke
104 14 「意を注意すること」 「意を注すること」
124 19 失望させたちがいない 失望させたにちがいない
127 10 『袖珍辞典』 『袖珍辞書』
132 6 ほんとんど ほとんど
150 11 如ク[略]之レヲ用フル時ハ ノ如ク[略]之レヲ人ニ用フル時ハ
150 下から1 松村守義 村松守義
163 3 ever blowing over blowing
165 23 Embat’tled Embat’telled
165 下から1 and annexted and annexed
181 下から7 arithetick arithmetick
218 下から7 angel angle
283 6 bull-fog bull-frog
298 下から5 1万2千語 1万5千語
342 注 8) 小野茂 小野茂の解説
347 15 池田 1967 池田 1968
466 25 (追加) 早川勇 (1981)：『英文法の新しい考え方学び方』三友社出版．
468 下から13 (追加) 石原千里 (1994)：「『福翁自伝』の英学史関連記述について」『英学史研究』第27号 pp. 179-192.
476 8 『箕作麟祥伝』 『箕作麟祥君伝』
478 18 「開拓使版英語辞書」 「開拓使版英和辞書」
480 13 福地源一 福地源一郎
474 11 (追加) 中濱博 (1991)：『私のジョン万次郎』小学館.
*2001.10 Methods of Plagiarism -A History of English-Japanese Lexicography-. Tokyo: Jiyusha, 344pp. [Written in English]
[要約]
本書英語版は、上記の日本版と深い関係にある。① 両書はともに同じ資料や話題を取り扱っているが、日本語版は英学史及び初期英和辞典の歴史に関するものであるのに対して、英語版は英語辞書史及び辞書学に関するものである。このため、英語版はより理論的記述が多い。② 日本語版は読者として日本における英学史及び英語辞書史の研究者を念頭においている。これに対して、英語版はヨーロッパ及びアメリカの辞書学研究者及び一般読者を念頭においている。このため、英語版においては、日本の歴史や日本語に関する解説を含む。③ 日本語版の議論は主に明治期に出版された英和辞典に集中しているが、英語版は明治に限らず大正と昭和の時代に出版された英和辞典も取り扱っている。
*2003.12 Japanese Words in English. Tokyo: Jiyusha, 485pp.
[要約]
本書英語版は、上記の日本版と深い関係にある。① 両書はともに同じ資料や話題を取り扱っているが、日本語版は英学史及び初期英和辞典の歴史に関するものであるのに対して、英語版は英語辞書史及び辞書学に関するものである。このため、英語版はより理論的記述が多い。② 日本語版は読者として日本における英学史及び英語辞書史の研究者を念頭においている。これに対して、英語版はヨーロッパ及びアメリカの辞書学研究者及び一般読者を念頭においている。このため、英語版においては、日本の歴史や日本語に関する解説を含む。③ 日本語版の議論は主に明治期に出版された英和辞典に集中しているが、英語版は明治に限らず大正と昭和の時代に出版された英和辞典も取り扱っている。
*2003.12 Japanese Words in English. Tokyo: Jiyusha, 485pp.
[要約]
『英語のなかの日本語語彙－英語と日本文化との出会い－』（2003年、辞游社）は、次の構成となっている。1. 本研究の目的と初出年調査の問題点、2. OED第２版における日本語語彙、3. 英語に入った日本語とその語源、4. 主要英語辞書における収録日本語一覧、5. 高頻度であらわれた日本語語彙のアルファベット順一覧表、6. 日本語を含む引用文総覧（年代順で初出年に焦点をおく）、7. 日本関連主要英語文献における日本語語彙、8. 日本関連英語文献の時代順一覧（1910年まで）、9. 英語における日本語語彙の一覧表。本研究で、主要な英語文献は漏らすことなく、日本語語彙の調査が行われた。これによって、英語に借用された日本語の全体が初めて明らかになった。外来語借用の原理を追求する史料がほぼ完璧に備わったことになる。
『英語のなかの日本語語彙－英語と日本文化との出会い－』（2003年、辞游社）は、次の構成となっている。1. 本研究の目的と初出年調査の問題点、2. OED第２版における日本語語彙、3. 英語に入った日本語とその語源、4. 主要英語辞書における収録日本語一覧、5. 高頻度であらわれた日本語語彙のアルファベット順一覧表、6. 日本語を含む引用文総覧（年代順で初出年に焦点をおく）、7. 日本関連主要英語文献における日本語語彙、8. 日本関連英語文献の時代順一覧（1910年まで）、9. 英語における日本語語彙の一覧表。本研究で、主要な英語文献は漏らすことなく、日本語語彙の調査が行われた。これによって、英語に借用された日本語の全体が初めて明らかになった。外来語借用の原理を追求する史料がほぼ完璧に備わったことになる。
*2004.12 A Comprehensive Catalogue of Webster’s Dictionaries. Tokyo: Jiyusha, 164pp.
[要約]
『ウェブスター辞書の系譜』（2004年、辞游社）は、ウェブスター辞書の系譜をアメリカ辞書史において明らかにし、その伝統がいかに築きあげられたかを５点から考察した。① 伝統の中核をなすのは大辞典であるが、中小辞典も伝統の形成に深く関わった。後者は内容が貧弱であるが一般大衆に利用されたので、ウェブスター辞書の伝統形成において重要である。② ウースターはウェブスター簡約辞書を編纂したがウェブスターと袂をわかち、独自の辞書を出版した。彼の革新的な試みはウェブスター辞書編纂に多大の影響を与えた。③ ウェブスター辞書の特徴としてあげられる点の多くは、増補改訂を行ったグッドリッチとポーターに負うところが大きい。④ ウェブスター辞書の編纂方針を確立したのはメリアム社である。⑤ ウェブスター本人も小辞典を編纂したが、息子のウイリアムとホィーラーがこの面を継承し発展させた。
[正誤表]
p. 3 下の表中 イラスト集 ⇒ イラスト
p. 6 右 l. 26 404pp. ⇒ 408pp.
p. 8 左 l. 11 （不明） ⇒ WEBSTER'S/ DICTIONARY
p. 8 左 l. 16 （不明） ⇒ 2段組
p. 8 左 l. 39 （不明） ⇒ 43,400
p. 34 右 l. 3 23.05 ⇒ 23.5
p. 85 左 l. 23 1867年版中辞典 ⇒ 1868年版中辞典
p. 93 右 l. 11 1931年学生版 ⇒ 1931年大学版
p. 109 下から2行目 & Wheeler ⇒ , Wheeler, Goodrich
p. 111 左 l. 7 （不明） ⇒ 30,700
p. 141 左 l. 2 である。⇒ である。6巻本もあるが出版年など不明。
*2006.3 English Dictionaries in Japan and their Compilers. Yokohama: Shumpusha, 315pp.
p. 13 l. 7 独断場 ⇒ 独壇場
p. 35 l. 17 『西洋 画引節用集』 ⇒ 『西洋画引 節用集』
p. 48 l. 11 犬飼 ⇒ 犬養
p. 92 l. 5 佐々木達 ⇒ 佐々木学
p. 224 左 l. 27 [1872, 1884] ⇒ [1886, 1887]
p. 226 右 l. 23 現はれた ⇒ 現はれたる
p. 228 右 l. 17 犬飼 ⇒ 犬養
p. 246 右 l. 21 設立した ⇒ 設立に助力した
*2006.11 Japanese Words Borrowed into English. Yokohama: Shumpusha, 188 pp.
*2007.9 English Studies in the Tokai District, Japan. Nagoya: Arm Publisher, 80 pp.
*2007.11 Webster’s Dictionaries and the Meiji Leaders. Yokohama: Shumpusha, 408 pp.
*2010.1 The Quintessence of English Words. Yokohama: Shumpusha, pp. 220.
*2010 Johnson's Dictionary in the Age of the British Enlightenment -A Collection of Essays and Letters on his Dictionary and the Philosophy of Language in the Eighteenth Century-. Private Edition, 177pp. Assisted by Mr. Keiji Nakamura.
Errata in the First Edition
p. 14, right column, l. 15 noting ⇒ nothing
p. 25, left column, l. 37 lesson ⇒ lessen
*2010 Johnson's Dictionary in the Age of the British Enlightenment -A Collection of Essays and Letters on his Dictionary and the Philosophy of Language in the Eighteenth Century-. Private Edition, 177pp. Assisted by Mr. Keiji Nakamura.
Errata in the First Edition
p. 14, right column, l. 15 noting ⇒ nothing
p. 25, left column, l. 37 lesson ⇒ lessen
p. 26, right column, l. 41 Vertuosti ⇒ Vertuosi
*2013 Johnson’s Dictionary in the Age of the Enlightenment. Yokohama: Shumpusha, pp. 566.
[要約]
『啓蒙思想下のジョンソン辞書―知の集成を目指して―』（2013年、春風社）には三つの目的がある。第一目的は、広義の難解語を狭義の難解語と専門語に分け、ジョンソン辞書の収録語彙をより明確にすることである。大見出の５千語にはアングルサクソン系日常語と難解語の基語が含まれ、それを囲み２万２千の難解語の派生語が存在する。第ニ番目は、ジョンソン辞書を十七～八世紀英国における英知や知識の総体と把握し、それを引用文が採られた作品や作家の問題として考え、各作家における引用文の出現数を調査する。引用文の３分の２が文学者からのものである。彼は自然科学を含め主要な分野のほとんどからも引用文を採った。著述家の引用文数の差は、彼が考える知の軽重を表わす。第三目的は、ジョンソン辞書を十八世紀イングランド啓蒙思想のもとで理解することである。文化の極みに迫ろうとする力と、文化の標準や規範を一般大衆にまで拡大する力の関係として彼の辞書を捉え、「喜びと教え」を授けようとする啓蒙的観点からもみる。この辞書の理念的矛盾を18世紀英国啓蒙思想の問題として把握し直すと、その点がむしろジョンソン辞書の強みであり彼の偉大さとして理解できる。
p. 47, right column, l. 5 Selling-books ⇒ Spelling-books
p. 48, left column, l. 21 him his ⇒ him in his
p. 48, left column, l. 21 him his ⇒ him in his
*2013 Johnson’s Dictionary in the Age of the Enlightenment. Yokohama: Shumpusha, pp. 566.
[要約]
『啓蒙思想下のジョンソン辞書―知の集成を目指して―』（2013年、春風社）には三つの目的がある。第一目的は、広義の難解語を狭義の難解語と専門語に分け、ジョンソン辞書の収録語彙をより明確にすることである。大見出の５千語にはアングルサクソン系日常語と難解語の基語が含まれ、それを囲み２万２千の難解語の派生語が存在する。第ニ番目は、ジョンソン辞書を十七～八世紀英国における英知や知識の総体と把握し、それを引用文が採られた作品や作家の問題として考え、各作家における引用文の出現数を調査する。引用文の３分の２が文学者からのものである。彼は自然科学を含め主要な分野のほとんどからも引用文を採った。著述家の引用文数の差は、彼が考える知の軽重を表わす。第三目的は、ジョンソン辞書を十八世紀イングランド啓蒙思想のもとで理解することである。文化の極みに迫ろうとする力と、文化の標準や規範を一般大衆にまで拡大する力の関係として彼の辞書を捉え、「喜びと教え」を授けようとする啓蒙的観点からもみる。この辞書の理念的矛盾を18世紀英国啓蒙思想の問題として把握し直すと、その点がむしろジョンソン辞書の強みであり彼の偉大さとして理解できる。
*2014.3 Samuel Johnson and National Dictionary. Yokohama: Shumpusha, pp. 395.
[要約]
『ジョンソンと「国語」辞典の誕生―18世紀巨人の名言・金言―』（2014年、春風社）には三つの目的がある。一つは、本書の特に第二部によってジョンソン辞書がいかなるものかを具体的に提示することである。約四万三千語が収録されているが、そこから千語を選び出した。ジョンソンの辞書やジョンソンンの考えに特徴的な語彙を中心に拾った。そして、それらの語の語釈をそのまま訳した。第二の目的は、ジョンソンの思想を伝えるために彼の珠玉のことばを『彷徨者』を中心に集め、日本語化した。第三の目的は、ジョンソンの英語辞典を「国語」辞典として捉え、それを啓蒙思想との関連で考察することである。ジョンソンだけでなく、スコットランドのオウグルビーやアメリカのウェブスターの英語辞書も取り上げられる。そして、啓蒙思想と「国語」辞典の関係から、日本の大槻文彦の手になる『日本辞書 言海』にも言及した。「国語」辞典とは何かについて、多方面から考究した。
[要約]
『ジョンソンと「国語」辞典の誕生―18世紀巨人の名言・金言―』（2014年、春風社）には三つの目的がある。一つは、本書の特に第二部によってジョンソン辞書がいかなるものかを具体的に提示することである。約四万三千語が収録されているが、そこから千語を選び出した。ジョンソンの辞書やジョンソンンの考えに特徴的な語彙を中心に拾った。そして、それらの語の語釈をそのまま訳した。第二の目的は、ジョンソンの思想を伝えるために彼の珠玉のことばを『彷徨者』を中心に集め、日本語化した。第三の目的は、ジョンソンの英語辞典を「国語」辞典として捉え、それを啓蒙思想との関連で考察することである。ジョンソンだけでなく、スコットランドのオウグルビーやアメリカのウェブスターの英語辞書も取り上げられる。そして、啓蒙思想と「国語」辞典の関係から、日本の大槻文彦の手になる『日本辞書 言海』にも言及した。「国語」辞典とは何かについて、多方面から考究した。
*2014.6 A Comprehensive Catalog of Webster’s Dictionaries. Amazon (Tokyo: Texnai), pp.163.
[Summary]
This is an abridged version of my book, The Genealogy of Webster’s Dictionaries, which is written in Japanese and thus difficult to access for non-Japanese speakers. Although the present volume is abridged, omitting some explanations of individual Webster’s dictionaries, the lexicographical information is the same. I describe each of the approximately eighty Webster’s dictionaries, which have made substantial contributions to the cultivation of the American mind for two centuries.
Noah Webster published his first small dictionary in 1806 and his unabridged dictionary in 1828. Since then, a great variety of Webster’s dictionaries including abridged and international editions have been issued and widely used by Americans. Two main groups of the dictionaries can be identified and traced within the genealogy of Webster’s dictionaries, hereafter referred to as “Websters.” The first group includes dictionaries entitled An American Dictionary of the English Language,which can be subcategorized into unabridged and abridged versions. Here I refer to this group as the A group of Websters. These dictionaries, particularly the unabridged versions, are the primary publications and led to the international Websters. The other group is categorized as D. These have the title A Dictionary of the English Language and are mostly desk or pocket dictionaries compiled on the basis of the A group Websters.
In this book, I provide a comprehensive list of Websters. Beyond a simple list, however, I also examine the genealogy of the dictionaries, a far more complex matter not easily grasped in a single view.For example, as many as eighty Websters have been published, establishing a tradition of Webster’s dictionaries in the United States.
Each entry contains the following lexicographical information on the dictionary:
•main title with publication date,
•name(s) of compiler(s) or author(s),
•title printed on the spine (‘Spine Title’ in this catalog),
•total number of pages,
•size of the volume,
•bookbinding,
•page layout, whether double or triple column in a page,
•total number of entry words,
•pictorial illustrations and plates,
•portrait of Webster,
•description of title page,
•location of publication and name of publisher,
•macrostructure of front section, main body of the dictionary and appendices, and
•copyright date, registration and edition(s).
[Summary]
This is an abridged version of my book, The Genealogy of Webster’s Dictionaries, which is written in Japanese and thus difficult to access for non-Japanese speakers. Although the present volume is abridged, omitting some explanations of individual Webster’s dictionaries, the lexicographical information is the same. I describe each of the approximately eighty Webster’s dictionaries, which have made substantial contributions to the cultivation of the American mind for two centuries.
Noah Webster published his first small dictionary in 1806 and his unabridged dictionary in 1828. Since then, a great variety of Webster’s dictionaries including abridged and international editions have been issued and widely used by Americans. Two main groups of the dictionaries can be identified and traced within the genealogy of Webster’s dictionaries, hereafter referred to as “Websters.” The first group includes dictionaries entitled An American Dictionary of the English Language,which can be subcategorized into unabridged and abridged versions. Here I refer to this group as the A group of Websters. These dictionaries, particularly the unabridged versions, are the primary publications and led to the international Websters. The other group is categorized as D. These have the title A Dictionary of the English Language and are mostly desk or pocket dictionaries compiled on the basis of the A group Websters.
In this book, I provide a comprehensive list of Websters. Beyond a simple list, however, I also examine the genealogy of the dictionaries, a far more complex matter not easily grasped in a single view.For example, as many as eighty Websters have been published, establishing a tradition of Webster’s dictionaries in the United States.
Each entry contains the following lexicographical information on the dictionary:
•main title with publication date,
•name(s) of compiler(s) or author(s),
•title printed on the spine (‘Spine Title’ in this catalog),
•total number of pages,
•size of the volume,
•bookbinding,
•page layout, whether double or triple column in a page,
•total number of entry words,
•pictorial illustrations and plates,
•portrait of Webster,
•description of title page,
•location of publication and name of publisher,
•macrostructure of front section, main body of the dictionary and appendices, and
•copyright date, registration and edition(s).
*2014.8 Twenty Stories of English Lexicography in Japan. Amazon (Tokyo: Texnai), pp. 302.
*2014.9 A Historical Dictionary of Japanese Words Used in English. (Revised and Corrected Edition), Amazon (Tokyo: Texnai), pp. 548. [Written in English]
*2015.1 A History of English Dictionaries. Amazon (Tokyo: Texnai), pp. 300
*2015.1 The Future of Learner's English-Japanese Lexicography. Amazon (Tokyo: Texnai), pp. 300
[e-BOOKS]
[PAPERS]
*1976.3 “Problems and Analyses of Creating TEFL Materials,” Bulletin of the Senior High School Attached to Aichi University of Education, Vol. 3, pp. 135-139.
*1977.3 “Preliminaries to Contrastive Linguistics of English and Japanese,” Bulletin of the Senior High School Attached to Aichi University of Education, Vol. 4, pp. 185-199. [Written in English]
*1978.3 “Teaching Relationships between English Sounds and Spellings,” Bulletin of the Language Center Attached to Aichi University of Education, Vol. 2, pp. 59-75.
*1978.3 “Improvement of a Deficient Vocabulary by Teaching Phonetic Symbols,” Bulletin of the Senior High School Attached to Aichi University of Education, Vol. 5.
*1979.1 “How Can We Encourage Students in the English Class?” High School Education in Aichi, Vol.11.
*1979.9 “Some Examples of Contrastive Studies of English and Japanese,” The New English Classroom, Tokyo: San’yusha, No. 120, pp. 13-15.
*1980.12 “Language Activities in English Teaching,” Education, Tokyo: Kokudo-sha, No. 392, pp. 88-97.
*1981.1 “Socio-Cultural Viewpoints on Teaching English in Japan,” The New English Classroom, No. 136, pp. 8-11.
*1981.9 “Present Simple and Expanded Tenses,” in A New Method of Learning English Grammar. By Kurokawa, Osanai and Hayakawa. Tokyo: San’yusha, pp. 87-116.
*1981.9 “On Sentence Patterns in English,” in A New Method of Learning English Grammar. Tokyo: San’yusha, pp. 232-256.
*1981.9 “On Language and Speech,” in A New Method of Learning English Grammar. Tokyo: San’yusha, pp. 257-276.
*1982.2 “English Grammar in English I,” The New English Classroom, No. 149, pp. 49-51.
*1982.3 “How to Present Good Examples in the English Class,” Journal of the Association of English Teachers in Aichi Prefecture, No. 4, pp. 30-34.
*1982.9 “From Classroom Activities to Communicative Activities,” in English Teaching for Tomorrow. Tokyo: San’yusha, pp. 151-163.
*1982.9 “A Systematic Study of English Tenses and Aspects,” Bulletin of Nihon University of Welfare, Vol. 53, pp. 198-256.
*1983.8 “A Contrastive Study of Japanese and English Passive Expressions,” in Foundations for the Construction of Educational English Grammar. Tokyo: San’yusha, pp. 172-227.
*1985.1 “English Grammar as an Essential Cultural Component of Foreign Language Teaching,” The New English Classroom, No. 184, pp. 45-47.
*1985.2 “English Grammar in Communicative English Teaching,” The New English Classroom, No. 185, pp. 43-45.
*1985.3 “Basic Items in English Grammar and their Order,” The New English Classroom, No.186, pp. 37-39.
*1986.3 “Appropriate Selection and Ordering of English Teaching Materials,” in Practical English Teaching, Vol. 20. Kairyudo: Tokyo, pp. 93-106.
*1986.10 “Premodification by Present Participles,” Modern English Teaching, Tokyo: Kenkyusha, Vol. 23, No. 7, pp. 29-32.
*1987.5 “Teaching How to Use English Dictionaries to High School Students,” Modern English Teaching, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 18-22.
*1988.3 “Contrastive Analyses of English and Japanese in English Teaching,” in Courses for the New English Classroom, Vol. 9. Tokyo: San’yusha, pp. 137-148.
*1988.3 “How to Resolve Student’s Questions on English,” in Courses for the New English Classroom. Vol. 19. Tokyo: San’yusha, pp. 190-193.
*1988.3 “The Usefulness of LDOCE in English Teaching,” in Courses for the New English Classroom, Vol. 19. Tokyo: San’yusha, pp. 232-235.
*1988.7 “Problems in Making Contrastive Diagrams of Japanese and English Basic Words, Part I,” Modern English Teaching, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 48-50.
*1988.8 “Problems in Making Contrastive Diagrams of Japanese and English Basic Words, Part II,” Modern English Teaching, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 48-50.
*1991.2 “How to Use English-English Dictionaries,” Modern English Teaching, Vol. 27, No. 11, pp. 10-11.
*1993.5 “An Archaeological Study of English-Japanese Dictionaries Based on Nuttall’s Desk Dictionary,” Journal of Historical Study of English Teaching in Japan, Vol. 8, pp. 123-140.
*1993.6 “Innovative Illustrations in Two Dictionaries,” LEXICON, Tokyo: Kenkyusha, Vol. 23, pp. 27-41.
*1993.10 “Dictionaries of English Synonyms in the Meiji Era,” Journal of Historical Society of English Studies in Japan, Vol. 26, pp. 149-158.
【Summary】 It was not until the middle of the Meiji era that a dictionary of English synonyms was first published in Japan. It was compiled on the basis of dictionaries of synonyms by G. Crabb and G. Graham. Crabb's dictionary was the most popular not only in Britain but also in America. Yet it was difficult for Japanese learners to understand, because it comprised the description of etymology and the quotations from classical writers. On the other hand, Graham's dictionary, which was edited for British students, had some features which enabled even Japanese students to recognize the differences of each pair of English synonyms with ease. Some dictionaries of English synonyms published in the last ten years of the Meiji era were translations of British ones. Others were compiled from the viewpoint of Japanese studying English. Their ingenious authors took into consideration trouble spots for Japanese students or linguistic interference by the Japanese language.
*1994.3 “Premodification of Nouns by Present Participles in English,” Journal of Okazaki College of Foreign Studies, No. 1, pp. 157-176. [Written in English]
【Summary】 Almost all PPP constructions can be represented by this structural formula [V-ing Noun → Noun that V-s]. This means that the present participles in the constructions are habitual or permanent in meaning. But there are two kinds of exceptions to this rule. In the case of process verbs, noun phrases using the present participles are represented as in this rule [V-ing Noun → Noun that is V-ing]. The other kind of exceptions is the group of emotional verbs. Their present participles are full adjectives, because they can be preceded by intensifiers and are sometimes gradable. The examples have illustrated four uses of the PPP constructions: descriptive use, characteristic use, distinctive use, and adjectival use. The PPP constructions seem to have taken root firmly in present-day English, especially in journalism, on account of their brevity. This trend is reinforced by some types of complementary pairs (-ing and -ed, -ing an non-ing) and three forms of expanded PPP constructions, which can be generated by the same principle.
*1994.6 “A Historical Study of Countable and Uncountable Labels in English Dictionaries,” Modern English Teaching, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 44-46.
*1994.6 “The Historical Development of the Description of Meanings in English-Japanese Dictionaries,” LEXICON , Vol. 24, pp. 17-28.
【Summary】 The earliest English-Japanese dictionaries, which were compiled by the interpreters of the Dutch language in the middle of the 19th century, had the description of meanings on the translational principle, seeking for the one-to-one correspondence of the two languages. In the Meiji Era, the description gradually improved, and a variety of techniques of description were invented, as the learning of English reached a higher level. Around 1885, some English-Japanese dictionaries came to be compiled on the bilingual principle, on which synonymous expressions were placed after the Japanese equivalents. However, this type of description is now on the decrease, because of the rise of the explanations of synonyms in the English-Japanese dictionaries. At the end of the era, some dictionaries tried to define words with the help of illustrative sentences.
*1994.7 “Noah Webster, His True Self as a Philologist,” in Language and Education. Eds. Tange and Hayakawa. Nagoya: Cyubu-Nihon-Kyohiku-Bunkakai, pp. 244-259.
*1994.10 “Two Unaccomplished English-Japanese Dictionaries in the Edo Period,” Journal of Historical Society of English Studies in Japan, Vol. 27, pp. 119-134.
【Summary】 Two English-Japanese dictionaries which were compiled by the respectable interpreters of the Dutch language at the end of the Edo period were not completed. It was partly because the compilers were not specialists in the English language, and partly because they did not recognize the importance of the source dictionaries from which they edited. One of the English-Dutch dictionaries which formed the basis of the English-Japanese dictionary was considered the best and the most useful on account of its full phonetic representation and its variety of illustrative examples. And the other source dictionary was thought to be the most exhaustive in its entry words. The distinctive merits of these source dictionaries, however, turned out to be difficulties for compilers of the English-Japanese dictionaries. On the other hand, Tatsunosuke Hori, another Dutch interpreter, used a pocket English-Dutch dictionary as a base-book of his English-Japanese dictionary, knowing that in spite of its poor content it would be much easier to compile the dictionary. It took him only two years to complete it with the aid of his colleagues.
*1994.12 “Fumihio Otsuki’s Compilation of a Comprehensive English-Japanese Dictionary and his Japanese Dictionary Genkai,” Kokugo-Kokubun, Department of the Japanese Language and Literature, Kyoto University, Vol. 63, No. 12, pp. 1-13.
*1995.2 “How to Make Various Use of English Dictionaries in English Teaching,” Modern English Teaching, Vol. 31, No. 11, pp. 27-29.
*1995.3 “The Selection of the Entry Words in Johnson’s English Dictionary in Comparison with those in Picard’s English-Dutch Dictionary,” Journal of Okazaki College of Foreign Studies, No. 2, pp. 1-23.
【Summary】 A close examination of the entry words of Johnson's English Dictionary (1755) and Picard's Pocket Dictionary of the English and Dutch Languages (1857) reveals that the construction of the entries in each dictionary is quite alike in the following respects:
(1) the inclusion of the same obsolete words,
(2) the lack of some words of science and technology,
(3) the lexical division between technical words and names of plants (the latter are assiduously collected in the dictionary),
(4) the exclusion of proper names and words derived from them,
(5) the exclusion of the participles which are included in the modern dictionary,
(6) the inclusion of many compound words which are spelt as a word (if they are written separately, they are excluded), and (7) the lack of abbreviations as head words.
Despite the similarities, they are radically different in their total number of the entry words, their manner of definition and the use of illustrative sentences. From these facts, it may safely be assumed that Picard used Johnson's dictionary or some other Johnsonian dictionary as a source book, reduced about twenty percent of the original entries, and transformed an academic English- English dictionary to a popular English-Dutch dictionary.
The structure of Picard's dictionary proves to be of vital importance because it was a source book of Hori's Eiwa-Taiyaku-Syuchin-Jisyo (A Pocket Dictionary of the English and Japanese Language, 1862), which was the first full-scale English-Japanese dictionary. Hori's dictionary, which was used in Japan for about thirty years, not only played a prominent role in the early history of English-Japanese lexicography, but also determined the course of its development. For example, the lack of technical terms in the dictionary caused the emergence of a variety of technical and academic glossaries in some fields of scientific disciplines around 1870.
(1) the inclusion of the same obsolete words,
(2) the lack of some words of science and technology,
(3) the lexical division between technical words and names of plants (the latter are assiduously collected in the dictionary),
(4) the exclusion of proper names and words derived from them,
(5) the exclusion of the participles which are included in the modern dictionary,
(6) the inclusion of many compound words which are spelt as a word (if they are written separately, they are excluded), and (7) the lack of abbreviations as head words.
Despite the similarities, they are radically different in their total number of the entry words, their manner of definition and the use of illustrative sentences. From these facts, it may safely be assumed that Picard used Johnson's dictionary or some other Johnsonian dictionary as a source book, reduced about twenty percent of the original entries, and transformed an academic English- English dictionary to a popular English-Dutch dictionary.
The structure of Picard's dictionary proves to be of vital importance because it was a source book of Hori's Eiwa-Taiyaku-Syuchin-Jisyo (A Pocket Dictionary of the English and Japanese Language, 1862), which was the first full-scale English-Japanese dictionary. Hori's dictionary, which was used in Japan for about thirty years, not only played a prominent role in the early history of English-Japanese lexicography, but also determined the course of its development. For example, the lack of technical terms in the dictionary caused the emergence of a variety of technical and academic glossaries in some fields of scientific disciplines around 1870.
*1995.3 “Eiwa-Jii –the First English-Japanese Dictionary Compiled in the Modern Way-,” Bulletin of Institute for Language Education, Aichi University, Vol. 19, pp. 13-29.
*1995.7 “The Description of Etymology in English Learners’ Dictionaries,” Modern English Teaching, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 38-41.
*1995.10 “Webster’s Dictionaries in the Cabinet Library,” Journal of Historical Society of English Studies in Japan, Vol. 28, pp. 73-87.
【Summary】 The Library, which was founded in Tokyo in 1884 as the central government library, has kept as many as one hundred Webster's dictionaries which are supposed to have been imported before and after the Meiji Restoration and belonged to the government agencies such as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Home Affairs, the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture. The close examination of these works would suggest to us how they were accepted and consulted in the Meiji Era. The library has about fifty unabridged Webster's English dictionaries, and eleven abridged dictionaries, which were usually called “Royal Octavo" in Japan. In addition, it keeps some ten small-sized dictionaries and fifteen Webster's dictionaries, large or small, published in London.
*1996.3 “English Spelling Books Published around the Meiji Restoration,” Journal of Okazaki College of Foreign Studies, No. 3, pp. 1-20.
【Summary】 The role that English spelling books played in the early stages of English teaching in Japan cannot be overestimated. It is important for us to have a full understanding of their construction and the process by which they were compiled. There were three major spelling books around the Meiji Restoration.
A Eigo-Kaitei (1866)
B K. Ishikawa: The First Primer For the Use of the School Shoobunkwan at Yokohama (1869）
C S. Yanagawa: Yogaku-Shishin (Eigaku-bu)
The fact that Eigo-Kaitei was a reprinted edition of the first chapter of L. Murray's An English Spelling Book (first published in York, 1804) was revealed by C. Ishihara. Another fact that The First Primer used W. Mavor's The English Spelling-book (first published in London, 1801) as a source book has been found by the present writer. The First Primer can be said to be an inadequate abridgement of Mavor's spelling book, because its editor, Ishikawa, was not able to comprehend the true objectives of the original book. A close examination of the arrangement of the two-letter or three-letter words indicates that Yogaku-Shishin (Eigaku-bu) may have been based on T. Dilworth's A New Guide to the English Tongue (first published in London, 1740).
The three major spellers published and used before and after the Meiji Restoration were compiled on the basis of the British spellings books, but not N. Webster's speller. This is because, for Japanese students who have just begun to learn English, Webster's speller is too disorganized. On the contrary, British spelling books concentrate more on the organization and the division of letters and syllables and supplement each lesson with various practice exercises. In Britain demand for spelling books created intense competition between a variety of spellers. Among them, Dilworth's book was used for a long time as an elementary speller especially in the latter half of the eighteenth century. And in the first half of the nineteenth century Mavor's and Murray's enjoyed popularity among British elementary pupils.
A Eigo-Kaitei (1866)
B K. Ishikawa: The First Primer For the Use of the School Shoobunkwan at Yokohama (1869）
C S. Yanagawa: Yogaku-Shishin (Eigaku-bu)
The fact that Eigo-Kaitei was a reprinted edition of the first chapter of L. Murray's An English Spelling Book (first published in York, 1804) was revealed by C. Ishihara. Another fact that The First Primer used W. Mavor's The English Spelling-book (first published in London, 1801) as a source book has been found by the present writer. The First Primer can be said to be an inadequate abridgement of Mavor's spelling book, because its editor, Ishikawa, was not able to comprehend the true objectives of the original book. A close examination of the arrangement of the two-letter or three-letter words indicates that Yogaku-Shishin (Eigaku-bu) may have been based on T. Dilworth's A New Guide to the English Tongue (first published in London, 1740).
The three major spellers published and used before and after the Meiji Restoration were compiled on the basis of the British spellings books, but not N. Webster's speller. This is because, for Japanese students who have just begun to learn English, Webster's speller is too disorganized. On the contrary, British spelling books concentrate more on the organization and the division of letters and syllables and supplement each lesson with various practice exercises. In Britain demand for spelling books created intense competition between a variety of spellers. Among them, Dilworth's book was used for a long time as an elementary speller especially in the latter half of the eighteenth century. And in the first half of the nineteenth century Mavor's and Murray's enjoyed popularity among British elementary pupils.
*1996.12 “The Research on Antedatings of Japanese Words in OED２,” Language, Tokyo: Taishukan, Vol. 25, No. 12, pp. 103-108.
*1997.3 “The Influence of Webster’s Dictionaries on the Compilation of English-Japanese Dictionaries in the Meiji Period,” Journal of Okazaki College of Foreign Studies, No. 4, pp. 1-20.
【Summary】 In the first decade of the Meiji era, Webster's dictionaries were used as a guide to supplementing new technical words or deleting obsolete words. This is largely because of the insufficient and ill-balanced word list of Picard's English-Dutch dictionary which constituted a basis of the first English-Japanese dictionary (1862). In 1871, Webster's diacritic system of phonetic representation were first employed in English-Japanese dictionaries. This provided the impetus for general and successive use of Webster's spelling books and dictionaries in the Meiji period.
*1997.6 “Antedatings of Japanese Loanwords in the OED２,” LEXICON, Vol. 27, pp. 138-151. [Written in English]
*1998.3 “The Historical Development of H. E. Palmer’s English Lexicography,” Journal of Institute for Human and Environmental Studies, Okazaki College of Foreign Studies, Vol. 1, pp. 47-63.
*1998.7 “The Birth and Development of Lexicography in Japan,” Journal of Institute for Human and Environmental Studies, Okazaki College of Foreign Studies, Vol. 2, pp. 1-20.
【Summary】 In Japan, lexicography, as an academic study of dictionaries, has a history covering three periods of more than a century. The first period extended for some fifteen years from 1885 to 1900. Fujioka published an admirable essay on lexicography in 1896. The second period (1925-1940) sees some enlightening essays on lexicography written by H. E. Palmer. And the third period (1965-) began almost with the publication of LEXICON, the first journal of lexicography in Japan. It is regrettable, however, that there has been no idea or tradition persisting throughout these periods because lexicography has been discussed independently in separate fields at different periods.
*1998.10 “A ‘Dictionary War’ in the Middle of the Meiji Period,” Journal of Historical Society of English Studies in Japan, Vol. 31, pp. 85-96.
【Summary】 This paper is an attempt to examine a 'dictionary war' between two English-Japanese dictionaries from a bibliographical point of view. They were compiled heavily dependent on Webster's dictionary and first published in the same year of 1888. One was compiled by Yutaka Shimada and published by Okura, while the other was compiled by F. Warrington Eastlake and Ichiro Tanahashi and published by Sanseido. They had many lexicographical characteristics in common. They were revised and enlarged several times in order to gain a decisive victory in the war which raged about twenty years in the Meiji period. The examination of their editions and contents reveals that they were not competing in terms of precise description of lexical items but in terms of size, total number of entry words, and repeated additions of supplements or appendixes to their main body, which cannot be regarded as substantial from a lexicographical viewpoint but very important from a historical viewpoint for a deeper understanding of the development of English-Japanese lexicography.
*1999.3 “A Theoretical Foundation for a Contrastive Study of Japanese and English,” Journal of Okazaki College of Foreign Studies, No. 5, pp. 65-85.
*1999.6 “Diagrammatic Representation of Four Categories of English Dictionaries,” LEXICON, Vol. 29, pp. 96-107. [Written in English]
【Summary】 Bejoint (1994: 32) states, "The basic question for anyone who attempts a typology is whether to derive categories from the observation of existing dictionaries or to create categories in theory and then see how existing dictionaries fit into them. Strictly speaking, the former would be a classification and the latter a typology." My intention of this paper is not to attempt a typology of English dictionaries from a purely theoretical viewpoint but to classify them from a historical point of view and represent them diagrammatically.
*1999.6 “The Indication of Pronunciation in English Dictionaries during the 18th and 19th Centuries, and its Influence on English-Japanese Lexicography,” Journal of Institute for Human and Environmental Studies, Okazaki College of Foreign Studies, Vol. 3, pp. 23-34. [Written in English]
【Summary】 The indication of pronunciation in English dictionaries published during the 18th and 19th centuries can be categorised into two types. One is the indication by means of diacritical numerals, which was innovated by W. Kenrick in 1773 and developed by T. Sheridan and J. Walker. The other is the indication by means of diacritical marks, which was first employed by J. Buchanan in 1757 by placing macrons or breves above vowels. This was developed by E. Worcester, N. Webster, C. A. Goodrich and N. Porter, and used especially in the United States. Despite the fact that Walker's pronouncing dictionary gained widespread popularity during the first half of the 19th century, it was not employed at all in English-Japanese lexicography. Instead, Webster's system of indicating pronunciation was adopted by early English-Japanese lexicographers. The reason why it was widely used by them during the Meiji period was its relative completeness or comprehensiveness as a source book for the compilation of English-Japanese dictionaries.
*1999.6 “Reconsideration of ‘User-friendliness’ in English Lexicography,” Journal of Okazaki College of Foreign Studies, No. 6, pp. 1-11.
*2001.1 “The Emergence of Dictionaries in Britain and Japan,” Journal of Institute for Human and Environmental Studies, The University of Human Environments, Vol. 4, pp. 31-40. [Written in English]
*2003.2 “The Expansion of the Word-list in English-Japanese Lexicography,” Literary Symposium, the Literary Association, Aichi University, Vol. 127, pp. 191-204.
*2003.2 “Japanese Words in Kaempfer’s History of Japan,” Language and Culture, Institute for Language Education, Aichi University, Vol. 8, pp. 119-147.
*2003.3 “A Chronological and Systematic Study of Webster’s Dictionaries,” Civilization 21, Association for International Communication, Aichi University, Vol. 10, pp. 19-32.
【Summary】 This paper has two purposes. The first is to make a rough sketch of Webster's life with special reference to the publications of his dictionaries. The second is to trace the chronology of his dictionaries, including not merely unabridged but also abridged and small-sized ones, which constituted the great tradition of Websterian dictionaries. And the third is to arrange them in a systematic way by providing a classificatory label to each Webster for the benefit of the researchers in the field of archaeological lexicography of American dictionaries.
*2003.4 “The Antedatings of Japanese Loanwords in English,” Japanese Linguistics, The National Institute for Japanese Language, Vol. 13, pp. 79-108.
【Summary】 The purpose of this research is to ascertain and fix the first year of the appearance of Japanese loanwords in English literature, with special reference to those in the OED2 and its Additions. This research in which about 270 Japanese words are antedated is sure to contribute to the historical understanding of the cultural exchanges between western countries and Japan.
*2003.7 “Japanese Words in English,” Literary Symposium, the Literary Association, Aichi University, Vol. 128, pp. 1-22.
*2003.7 “Japanese Words in Chamberlain’s Things Japanese,” Language and Culture, Institute for Language Education, Aichi University, Vol. 9, pp. 141-163.
*2003.8 “Webster’s Dictionaries and Meiji Leaders,” FOCUS, Association of English Teachers, Aichi University, No. 17, pp. 63-74.
*2004.1 “The Total Numbers of Entry Words in Webster’s Dictionaries,” Language and Culture, Institute for Language Education, Aichi University, Vol. 10, pp. 217-226.
*2004.7 “Lexical Contacts between English and Japanese -Loan Translation and Loanblend-,” Literary Symposium, the Literary Association, Aichi University, Vol. 130, pp. 1-17.
*2004.7 “Notes on Japanese Borrowings into English Part I,” Language and Culture, Institute for Language Education, Aichi University, Vol. 11, pp. 51-66.
*2004.11 “On Teaching ‘Study Methods,’” Aichi University Journal of Economics, Vol. 166, pp. 445-455.
*2005.1 “Notes on Japanese Borrowings into English Part II,” Language and Culture, Institute for Language Education, Aichi University, Vol. 12, pp. 97-112.
*2005.2 “Johnson’s Abstracted Dictionary in the History of English Lexicography,” Literary Symposium, the Literary Association, Aichi University, Vol. 131, pp. 1-16.
*2005.2 “Japanese Words in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary,” Language and Mind, Department of Mental Environments, The University of Human Environments, Vol. 4, pp. 75-88. [Written in English]
【Summary】 The first edition of the SOD was published in 1933 soon after the completion of the OED. The second was published in 1936 with about 30,000 corrections. The third edition published in 1944 contains 20-page Addenda. In 1955 it was reprinted with corrections and incorporated revised Addenda and Corrigenda of 40 pages. In 1973 it was reset in a fresh and elegant typeface with the entries in the main text remained essentially as they were and incorporated revised Etymologies and Addenda. It was in 1993 that this dictionary was greatly revised and enlarged, and renamed as The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. This history shows that corrections or revisions have been made almost every ten years. Therefore the list of Japanese words inserted into each edition is sure to reflect the historical changes in the whole vocabulary of the English language. Last of all, I must confess that the examination of Japanese words in the fourth edition was completed just after its publication but Shin-Kokusai Nihongo-ko (『新「国際日本語」講－英語辞書の中の日本文化－』原口庄輔、原口友子、洋販出版) was published in 1998, giving brief explanations or comments to every Japanese word entered in this edition. Their work has made my previous examination less valuable. Nevertheless, the comparison of my older list of Japanese words with theirs has made it possible for me to renew my list. Now I have made up mind to publish this article which includes not only the wordlist of Japanese words in the 4th edition but also those of other editions, especially the newest one. For more comprehensive information about Japanese words in the English language, readers are requested to refer to my book titled Japanese Words in English (『英語のなかの日本語語彙－英語と日本文化の出会い－』辞游社、2003）.
*2005.3 “Biographical Sketches of T. Koyasu and M. Shibata,” Bulletin of Community Research Institute, Aichi University, Vol. 50, pp. 61-66.
*2005.5 “Contacts of Japanese Words with English,” FOCUS, Association of English Teachers, Aichi University, No. 18, pp. 1-32.
*2005.7 “A Short History of the International Phonetic Alphabet in Japan,” Literary Symposium, the Literary Association, Aichi University, Vol. 132, pp. 1-19.
*2005.7 “Assimilation of Japanese Words into English in 1990,” Language and Culture, Institute for Language Education, Aichi University, Vol. 13, pp. 1-22.
*2005.7 “The Philosophy of Education in Japan,” Aichi University Journal of Economics, Vol. 168, pp. 1-11. [Written in English]
*2005.10 “The Etymologies of English Words Presumed to be Borrowed from Japanese,” Journal of Historical Society of English Studies in Japan, Vol. 38, pp. 71-82.
【Summary】 As many as four hundred words have been borrowed into English from Japanese, most of which have their doubtless etymologies. But there are nine dubious words which are presumed to be borrowed from the Japanese language. They are bonze, soy (soya), mebos, gingko (ginkgo), funny, hamanasu, rumaki, sharawaggi (sharawadgi) and hobo. Bonze, soy (soya), mebosu, and gingko (ginkgo) are definitely the words of Japanese origin, but they were indirectly borrowed into the English language. That is to say, they were borrowed from Japanese through Spanish or Portuguese or Dutch to English. The other five words are very difficult to ascertain their etymology.
*2005.11 “The Life of Dr. Hanji Kinoshita as a Social Scientist,” Aichi University Journal of Economics, Vol. 169, pp. 243-265.
*2006.1 “A History of Japanese-English Dictionaries,” Language and Culture, Institute for Language Education, Aichi University, Vol. 14, pp. 1-20.
*2006.1 “The New Approaches to English Language Education in the Faculty of Economics at Aichi University,” by K. Mikawa and I. Hayakawa, Language and Culture, Institute for Language Education, Aichi University, Vol. 14, pp. 39-54.
*2006.2 “The Characteristics of English in Linguistic Typology and Information Structure (1),” Literary Symposium, the Literary Association, Aichi University, Vol. 133, pp. 1-20.
*2006.3 “The Emergence of the Science of Phonetics -A Bibliography of Phonetics from 1750 to 1935-,” FOCUS, Association of English Teachers, Aichi University, No. 19, pp. 1-26. [Written in English]
【Summary】 The following is a chronological bibliography on phonetics from 1750 to 1935, during which the science of phonetics emerged in the history of linguistics. Phonetics laid firm foundations for scientific researches in comparative linguistics and structural linguistics. In 2005, Routledge published Phonetics of English in the Nineteenth Century (7 volume set) as one of the series of Logos Studies in Language and Linguistics, which will suggest the interests heightened among phoneticians and linguists on this crucial period. The bibliography, which does not include papers on phonetics because of limited space, is compiled under the following rules.
･ Books on phonetics are chronologically arranged.･ Books published in the same year are arranged according to the alphabetical order of their authors.･ Editions are listed at the end of each entry in the square brackets, shown like this, [19014], which means that the 4th edition was published in 1901.
*2006.3 “Sakuro Kuno, English Linguist in Aichi Prefecture,” Bulletin of Community Research Institute, Aichi University, Vol. 51, pp. 17-22.
*2006.7 “A Chronology and Tradition of Webster’s Dictionaries,” Thinking about Language, Nagoya: Arm Publishing Company, Vol. 5, pp. 107-128.
*2006.7 “English-Japanese Learners’ Lexicography in the 20th Century -H. E. Palmer’s Contribution to its Development-,” Language and Culture, Institute for Language Education, Aichi University, Vol. 15, pp. 21-35.
*2006.7 “The Characteristics of English in Linguistic Typology and Information Structure (2),” Literary Symposium, the Literary Association, Aichi University, Vol. 134, pp. 1-16.
*2006.7 “Japanese Translations on Economics in the Meiji Era (1),” Aichi University Journal of Economics, Vol. 170, pp. 87-128.
*2006.10 “Intriguing Features of Eiwa-Jii,” Rising Generation, Tokyo: Kenkyusha, Vol. 152, No. 7, pp. 40-41.
*2006.11 “Japanese Translations on Economics in the Meiji Era (2),” Aichi University Journal of Economics, Vol. 171, pp. 63-107.
*2007.2 “Johnson’s Ideas of Compiling an English Dictionary in his Plan (1747),” Literary Symposium, the Literary Association, Aichi University, Vol. 135, pp. 291-312.
*2007.2 “Ichiro Tanahashi, Educator Born in Gifu Prefecture,” Bulletin of Community Research Institute, Aichi University, Vol. 52, pp. 11-25.
*2007.3 “Word-lists in the Dictionaries by Bailey, Johnson and Webster,” Aichi University Journal of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Vol. 32, pp. 9-20.
*2007.9 “Personal Pronouns in Yasunari Kawabata’s Short Stories (1),” Literary Symposium, the Literary Association, Aichi University, Vol. 136, pp. 296-312.
*2007.11 “Usage Notes in Bilingual Dictionaries,” Aichi University Journal of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Vol. 33, pp. 1-7.
*2008.2 “Personal Pronouns in Yasunari Kawabata’s Short Stories (2),” Literary Symposium, the Literary Association, Aichi University, Vol. 137, pp. -.
*2008.3 “Obsolete Words and Meanings in Johnson’s Dictionary,” Language and Culture, Institute for Language Education, Aichi University, Vol. 16, pp. 1-13. [Written in English]
*2009.3 “A Contrastive Study of English and Japanese Cultures through Basic Words,” FOCUS, Association of English Teachers, Aichi University, No. 22, pp. 43-64.
*2009.10 “The Emergence of a Dictionary of English Collocations in Japan,” Journal of Historical Society of English Studies in Japan, Vol. 42, pp. 1-13.
*2009.10 “English Books on Japan and Aichi University Library,” Aichi University Journal of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Vol. 37, pp. 1-16.
*2010.1 “Johnson’s Dictionary and the Philosophy of Language in the Eighteenth Century,” Language and Culture, Institute for Language Education, Aichi University, Vol. 22, pp. 157-170. [Written in English]
*2010.1 “The Emergence of Johnson’s Dictionary (Part I),” Literary Symposium, the Literary Association, Aichi University, Vol. 141, pp. -.
*2010.10 "The Mainstream of English-Japanese Lexicography," Aichi University Journal of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Vol. 38, pp. 33-43.
*2013.1 “Fifty-nine Self-quotations in Johnson’s Dictionary,” Literary Symposium, the Literary Association, Aichi University, Vol. 147, pp. 122-106.
*2013.1 “Fifty-nine Self-quotations in Johnson’s Dictionary,” Literary Symposium, the Literary Association, Aichi University, Vol. 147, pp. 122-106.
[DICTIONARIES]
*1986 Obunsha’s Sunrise Japanese-English Dictionary. Tokyo: Obunsha. [This contains some one hundred contrastive diagrams made by I. Hayakawa, which show the semantic differences between Japanese and English words.]
*1996 New Anchor English-Japanese Dictionary. Tokyo: Gakken. [This dictionary is compiled on the contrastive principles. This has many cultural columns for Japanese students and a variety of diagrams, which are created to make the students understand English function words more easily. Columns and diagrams are made by I. Hayakawa.]
*1997 Super Anchor English-Japanese Dictionary. Tokyo: Gakken. [I. Hayakawa is in charge of the descriptions of function words, which is the most difficult part in compiling learner’s dictionaries, and of cultural and contrastive columns for Japanese students who are not familiar with thing British and American.]
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